Ki-27

If anybody’re interested in Japanese a/c in foreign service marking, there are nice color paintings of Nakajima Ki-27 fighter and Mitsubishi Ki-30 Light bomber in Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) color & camouflage from the RTAF website (address below). The Ki-27 painting depict one of the five RTAF’s Ki-27s during air combat with some 17 USAAF’s P-38s & P-51s over Lamphang (Northern part of Thailand) on November 11, 1944 and the Ki-30 painting depict one of them during attack over French Indochina territory (during Franco-Thai conflict) in January 1941. Other noteworthy paintings include RTAF’s Martin 139WS bomber and Chance Vought V.93S Corsair Light attack aircraft during combat also

Link: http://www.rtaf.mi.th/download/wallpaper/wallpaper.html

Info needed on Ki-27 Nate in the SWPA

Posted By: Garth <garth.o'connell@awm.gov.au>
Date: Thursday, 30 November 2000, at 11:30 p.m.

Here's another one of my South-West Pacific questions for you all! :)

The Ki-27 "Nate" - I would like to know any units, markings, references, profiles etc that operated in the SWPA. Sakai and others have mentioned them being based at Rabaul in 42/43, can anybody shed any light on the subject for me?

I have the old Hasegawa Ki-27 here, kit no. JS-133 - complete with Eduard etch. Any decals available for these SWPA units (Tainan AG etc) too?

Re: Info needed on Ki-27 Nate in the SWPA

Posted By: James F. Lansdale <LRAJIM@aol.com>
Date: Friday, 1 December 2000, at 4:47 a.m.

In Response To: Info needed on Ki-27 Nate in the SWPA (Garth)

As far as I know, the IJAAF did not operate the Ki-27 Nate in the SWPA after the Philippines campaign.

Most of the front-line Nate units converted to other aircraft starting in November 1941 and continuing throughout early 1942. I think that Nates were not used again after the summer of 1942 at the fronts until the Kamikaze attacks began in the Fall of 1944.

Perhaps someone else has more precise information.

Re: Info needed on Ki-27 Nate in the SWPA

Posted By: Allan Alsleben <Wildcat42@AOL.com>
Date: Friday, 1 December 2000, at 7:04 a.m.

In Response To: Re: Info needed on Ki-27 Nate in the SWPA (James F. Lansdale)

To amplify Jim's comments, the Philippines, Malaya, Burma and the Java campaigns only. They were gone by July 1942. None were ever in the Southwest Pacific.

Re: Info needed on Ki-27 Nate in the SWPA

Posted By: richard dunn <rdunn@rhsmith.umd.edu>
Date: Friday, 1 December 2000, at 12:36 p.m.

In Response To: Re: Info needed on Ki-27 Nate in the SWPA (Allan Alsleben)

Nates in SWPA after Japanese first phase operations were no doubt Allied misidentifications. Case in point, the "Nate" that rammed Lt. Olson's 319 BS B-24 in June 1943 over the NEI was in fact a carrier attack aircraft (presummably a B5M1) flown by Lt(j.g.) Kino of 932 Ku.

Re: Info needed on Ki-27 Nate in the SWPA

Posted By: Ryan Boerema <ryann1k2j@aol.com>
Date: Friday, 1 December 2000, at 3:26 p.m.

In Response To: Re: Info needed on Ki-27 Nate in the SWPA (richard dunn)

As far as Sakai goes, I think you may be misremembering, if you're referring to "Samauri." What he talked about were Claudes, A5M4s, generally similar to Nates, which he found at Rabaul after a long grim sea voyage.

Re: A5M4 at Rabaul

Posted By: Allan Alsleben <Wildcat42@AOL.com>
Date: Friday, 1 December 2000, at 4:09 p.m.

In Response To: Re: Info needed on Ki-27 Nate in the SWPA (Ryan Boerema)

Aaaah yes, they were there, but used for local defense only.

Re: A5M4 at Rabaul

Posted By: Ryan Boerema <ryann1k2j@aol.com>
Date: Friday, 1 December 2000, at 8:53 p.m.

In Response To: Re: A5M4 at Rabaul (Allan Alsleben)

You're right, Allen, though I think they did smack down a couple of Hudsons while doing so. I don't think the Ki-27s got further south than the 1st and 11th sentais flying out of Palembang in Sumatra in February, 1942. By late March, after the fall of Java, they went north to Burma.

Re: Ki-27 canopies and decals?

Posted By: Garth <garth.o'connell@awm.gov.au>
Date: Sunday, 3 December 2000, at 8:27 p.m.

In Response To: Re: A5M4 at Rabaul (Ryan Boerema)

Are there any decals available for these two Sentai? Also, with the old Hasegawa kit there are two canopy options. Which one would I be needing for the Sumatran Ki-27's?

Re: Ki-27 canopies and decals?

Posted By: François P. WEILL <frpawe@wanadoo.fr>
Date: Monday, 4 December 2000, at 3:17 a.m.

In Response To: Re: Ki-27 canopies and decals? (Garth)

Only Ki27 Ko (a) had the original cockpit canopy with metal fairings... They were used as operational fighters onl

Ki 27 Otsu (b) were used since Chuina and Nomonhan but they were the only ones still soldiering at the beginning of WW 2.

So use the fully transparent canopy...

By the way the Hasegawa 1/72nd kit were fist issued under the now defunct Mania brand... And they were mighty good for the period but the transparent parts which are thick and do not fit very well ... I think a vac-form replacemnt is (or on the way to be) issued by some maker (I don't remeber which)...

Re: Ki27 units

Posted By: John MacGregor <JohnMacG6@hotmail.com>
Date: Saturday, 2 December 2000, at 6:13 a.m.

In Response To: Re: A5M4 at Rabaul (Ryan Boerema)

For a full listing of Ki27 units, with dates and places, try and find the old Aircam book on the Ki27/Ki79. According to that, no first-line Ki27s anywhere by 1943 outside of Japan, Manchuria and Possibly China. And of course, with the Thai and Manchu AFs.

Re: Ki27 units

Posted By: richard dunn <rdunn@rhsmith.umd.edu>
Date: Sunday, 3 December 2000, at 2:13 p.m.

In Response To: Re: Ki27 units (John MacGregor)

More on "Nate" misidentifications. The first A5M's arrived in Rabaul in late January 1942,part of a Tainan Ku detachment that had been at Palau at the opening of hostilities.These were apparently reinforced by replacement aircraft and a detachment of Chitose Ku. When reorganized as the 4th Ku in mid-February 16 A5M's were on strength. They operated from Rabaul and for a time from Gasmata until the end of April by which time they had been integrated into Tainan Ku. On April 12th three Japanese fighters intercepted 22 BG B-26's over Rabaul. The Americans identified them as two Zeros and one "96 or 97 SSF." A5M's last appear on a strength report on April 25th when six were operational. Four were at Vunakanau and two at Lakunai. Presumably these and others which were non-operational were repatriated to Japan a short time later. Other Allied reports mention "type 97 fighters" from this period, undoubtedly A5M's.

Another possibility for later misidentifications relates to C5M recon aircraft with fixed landing gear which intercepted B-17's of the 19th BG over Rabaul in August initiating aerial bomb tactics.

First JAAF fighter units in SWPA after first phase operations were 11th (Dec 42) and 1st (Jan 43) Sentai. These were equipped exclusively with Ki 43-1 aircraft. Many wrecks of these aircraft were later found at Lae and Cape Gloucester. No Nate wrecks were on those airfields.

Interestingly some Navy reports have "Nates" involved in dive bomb attacks in the big April 7th 1943 attack on Guadalcanal shipping.

Re: Ki27 units

Posted By: Ryan Boerema <ryann1k2j@aol.com>
Date: Sunday, 3 December 2000, at 6:05 p.m.

In Response To: Re: Ki27 units (richard dunn)

Has anyone seen any photos of the A5M4s at Rabaul/Gasmata? Grey-green with black cowls? Tainan Ku markings?

Re: Ki27 units

Posted By: François P. WEILL <frpawe@wanadoo.fr>
Date: Monday, 4 December 2000, at 3:36 a.m.

In Response To: Re: Ki27 units (Ryan Boerema)

Please check the board FAQ on A5M4 Model 4 colors...

Unfortunately I've never seen any pics of Rabaul based A5M (though I'd really whish to see one).

From what is known of the finish of A5M4 Model 4 (the only ones to see first line service in WW2) and with actual picture of those based in the Marshall during early 1942 (Chitose Kokutai coded S-1xx) the finish is the same as the much controversial livery of these models in their "peacetime" livery, excepts that the red tails seem to have been deleted from all frontline units aircraft early in 1942.

To this date it has been impossible to assess whether the finish was a high gloss aluminum colored PAINT or some kind of thick glossy varnish coat giving the planes a metallic appearance through translucence, but with a slightly golden tan aspect due to the amber nature of all so-called clear varnishes available during this era (hence the famous - or infamous - so-called golden Claudes)...

What is certain (as certainty is something applicable to Claude finishes) is that Model 4's differed both from the earlier NMF variants and from the "Hairyokushoku" paint variants used on the Zeros. And we are still to see any picture with a Claude painted like a Zero and in an operational unit. Training units (Like Kasumigaura Ku.) used Claudes Model 4 with the new regulation camouflage of green over gray-green (or even orange) but at a later period through reconditioning (B&W pics do exist of this variant).

Unfortunately I have not the IJNAF fightezr units book at hand to give you the unit identification (if possible)...

But I feel in doubt of such a crack unit as Tainan Ku. still using these birds at this late date.

It seems that the Ryujo air group was engaged early in the Japanese offensive through the East Indies and to Rabaul... Some other light carriers were still using the A5M's and one of them was sunk during the oral Sea engagement and most of its planes (then in flight) were then shore based (sorry my memory fails to make me remember which one). Chitose Ku planes from the Marshalls are possible too...

Re: Ki27 units

Posted By: richard dunn <rdunn@rhsmith.umd.edu>
Date: Monday, 4 December 2000, at 12:47 p.m.

In Response To: Re: Ki27 units (François P. WEILL)

The Coral Sea carrier was Shoho with a mixed complement of A6M's and A5M's.

When Tainan Ku reorganized and arrived in Rabaul in April 1942 it took over the aircraft of 4th Ku including A5M's.On April 1st there were 11 A5M's on hand with 8 serviceable (according to Japanese Monograph No. 120). During April Tainan Ku received infusions of A6M's. Twelve on the 7th and twenty four on the 12th. Fourteen were on hand on the first.However, they had heavy losses on the ground at Lae during the month. From 1-9 April alone the 25th Air Flotilla War Diary says 3 aircraft were burned or heavily damaged with another 26 hit on the ground. Only 18 A6M's were operational on April 10th hence the continued use of A5M's over Rabaul until the end of the month. On the 25th of April the A5M's appear for the last time on strength reports. There were then 32 Zeros operational.

In addition to the other A5M units, might also be mentioned the 1st Ku. It lost its fighter unit pre-war but an April 1st, 1942 reorganization resurrected it. It was initially equipped with A5M's but these were soon replaced with Zeros. This was in the Marshalls.

This gets us kind of far afield from Ki 27's but shows there were a number of A5M's in operations that could have been confused with "Nates."

Can't add much to the color and markings question. Hata& Izawa have a photo of an up-ended A5M of Chitose Ku in late 1941. Looks like NMF with black cowling (p.104).Same book has a Zuiho A5M illustration (p. 53) which talks about unit insignia and says "Fuselage was silver or light gray." Nose is black, tail red. This supposedly relates to April 41-April 42 timeframe. Not much help, I guess.

Maj. Hirose's Nate

Posted By: Bob Wimple <fholl4682@aol.com>

Date: Wednesday, 26 July 2000, at 10:28 p.m.

Does anyone know the markings and colours of Major Hirose Yoshio's Nate as commander of the 77th Sentai. I already know the Sentai's mark, I would like his specific plane as commander. I would like the marks and coloring for 8 Dec. 1941. I would like to know if they were camouflaged at this time, and if their Thai opponent's Curtis Hawk lll were camoflauged also. Any help would be greatly appreciated.

Ki-27 Nate Interior Color

Posted By: Scott Doyle <doyless@msn.com>

Date: Wednesday, 12 July 2000, at 2:14 p.m.

I remember reading somewhere that the Nate's cockpit was a color other than "interior" green or aotake. If I remember right, I believe it was a dark blue, as the Hasegawa kit instructions state. Is this correct? What would be the best color for the Nate interior?

Re: Ki-27 Nate Interior Color

Posted By: Greg Springer <gspring@ix.netcom.com>

Date: Wednesday, 12 July 2000, at 3:26 p.m.

In Response To: Ki-27 Nate Interior Color (Scott Doyle)

The Maru Mechanic painting shows a dark blue-gray.

Re: Ki-27 Nate Interior Color

Posted By: Francisco "Frank" Garcia <iraides.francisco@netabc.com.br>

Date: Wednesday, 12 July 2000, at 4:49 p.m.

In Response To: Re: Ki-27 Nate Interior Color (Greg Springer)

I read somewhere (here in j-aircraft forum?) that the color would be close to FS 36118, a Dark Blue-Gray. Also in the discussion, someone presented a photo of a Nate´s seat. If only I could find WHERE I read this...

Help wanted with Ki-27 colors

Posted By: Fred DeGroff <RedFred1@AOL.COM>

Date: Tuesday, 25 April 2000, at 1:23 p.m.

I am in the process of completing an 80" span R/C model of a Ki-27. I would like to order the paint, but have some questions about the colors. I am modeling the A/C pictured in the color foldout of FAOW #29 drawn by Shigeru Nohara. I have the following "guestimates" on the nearest FS 595b matches...

1) Overall light gray-green - 34424

2) Home defense band white - ?????

3) Chutai band blue - 35183

4) 246th emblem green & brown - 34092 & 30045

5) Cowl and Striping Red - ?????

Can anyone help me with the unknowns and verify the guesses for me. I would greatly appreciate it. This is not a contest model, but I do like my scale birds to look like their full size counterparts.

ARCO-AIRCAM AVIATION SERIES - NO.20

Posted By: Sal Calvagna <ncalvagn@suffolk.lib.ny.us>

Date: Saturday, 11 March 2000, at 7:44 p.m.

Was at an RC swap shop today in Lebanon, PA and found a 1970 copy of Osprey Publications "NAKAJIMA Ki-27A-B MANSHU Ki.79A-B

in Japanese Army Air Force - Manchoukuo - IPSF, RACAF-PLAAF & CAF Service" Has a lot of good color plates. Is this a good find? Accurate? May want to build a companion to the Claude that I am finishing now.

Re: ARCO-AIRCAM AVIATION SERIES - NO.20

Posted By: Don Marsh <marsh44@fuse.net>

Date: Saturday, 11 March 2000, at 11:22 p.m.

In Response To: ARCO-AIRCAM AVIATION SERIES - NO.20 (Sal Calvagna)

I have a copy of Arco-Aircam Aviation Series, No. 20:

Nakajima Ki-27A-B Manshu Ki-79A-B In Japanese Army Air Force, Manchoukuo, IPSF

RACAF- PLAAF & CAF Service, also.

The valuable research of the late Mr Richard Bueschel is still valid, and as you already know, this publication contains some great photos. Many of these photos are also to be found in the superior publication, FAoW #29; Nakajima Army Type 97 Fighter (Ki-27). Basically a good find, however, the artwork of Arco-Aircam #20 (btw, that is also the series number of my copy) is a bit dated and less than accurate. Some of the tail codes are unconfirmed speculation and while many of the code depiction's are historical, their accuracy is not up to par. As a professional graphic artist and tail code researcher myself, I do not wish denigrate the work of Mr Richard Ward; it was top notch for it's time, but much has come to light since. I recommend using the art of Mr Shigeru Nohara's for the most accurate code references in regard to the Ki-27. A good general reference, taking into account the aforementioned.

Re: Ki-27 Interior Color?

Posted By: Hiroyuki Takeuchi <hiryu@bigfoot.com>

Date: Monday, 24 January 2000, at 8:12 a.m.

Yes it's nice to be back talking about aircraft once again.

I won't be able to participate as much as before for a while more, but hopefully, I should be able to participate more frequently by springtime.

Here's the photo of the seat I'm talking about. The color will come out differently with your monitor setting, but I think you can tell that there's no tint of green and no translucency. Solid blue.

Editors note: The photo was not present on the message board posting

Re: Ki-27 Interior Color?

Posted By: Ken Glass <ken.glass@eudoramail.com>

Date: Sunday, 23 January 2000, at 8:26 a.m.

Much of the following data originated from Katsushi Owaki. The August 8, 1999 postings were via Ken

Durling and Katsushi on the Army message board. The third >...> was an e-mail to me in response to my postings last year concerning the 1/72 Alliance Ki.4 resin kit. I am sure Katsushi won't mind my re-posting the material here now.

Posted by Ken Durling on Sunday, 8 August 1999, at 5:54 p.m.

By the Airplane painting regulations (Army) on March 3, 1932, all metal surfaces were painted translucent metal paint (Aotake) as a primer then only exterior surfaces were painted Army official gray green metal paint as a top coat. By revised regulations on Feb.5, 1936, Aotake was changed to opaque metal primer which was dark blue gray called Hairanshoku (Hai-Ai-iro, FS26118/36118) and tough touchness than Aotake. However, Aotake was usually painted for internal areas except crew area. By the Army aircraft painting regulations on June 14, 1943, Aotake was not painted for paint saving from all internal alclad duralmin areas.

Katsushi Owaki

Army Interior colors

Posted by Katsushi Owaki

on Sunday, 8 August 1999, at 8:30 p.m.

It is very difficult which color was used for Army aircraft. Some interior colors were reported as follows;

10Y4/1.5...FS33070...Ki21...WATANABE,Takeshi Collection

5B2.5/1...FS*6118...Ki27...HASEGAWA,Ichiro report

FS34128/FS34159...Ki43...remembered by Oshima,Ken-ichi(Ki43III chief designer)

7.5Y5/2...FS*4201...Ki45/4065...JASDF Iruma

5Y5.5/3...FS14255...Ki61I Otsu...WATANABE,Takeshi Collection

Navy example;

2.5GY4/2.5...FS34102...A6M*...TANIGUCHI,Kenzo Collection

Katsushi Owaki

Hello Ken,

The Ki4 had all metal fuselage like Type 91 fighter. The cockpit interior of fabric covered planes was unbleached cotton or linen color. The Army doping was two clear coats then three gray-green finish coats. Townend ring...black

Tail skid...gray-green Overall exterior...gray-green(FS*6314) Cockpit interior...gray-green or Aotake or dark blue gray (FS*6118) Dark blue...FS*5052

Sorry, I don't have enough information at this era.

Katsushi Owaki

Katsushi's remarks concerning the interior surface of fabric covered planes was in response to an e-mail I sent him. At the time I mistakenly thought the fuselage of the Ki.4 was fabric covered. I wrote him saying the Phalanx 'D.XXI' monograph stated that with Fokker produced machines, the outer camo colors bled through the fabric to be visible on the cockpit side walls. I asked if he knew if this was the case with Japanese fabric covered types. His reply is as above. I take his reply to mean, no exterior color bleed through due to the two clear dope sealing coats applied prior to the application of the final exterior color finish.

In answer to your posting; Katsushi has reported the known and specific interior paint color regulations to be followed during this time period (1932-1943) by the Japanese aircraft manufacturers. I presume from Katsushi's e-mail to me, the Ki.4's cockpit interior color was officially changed during its production run. Per specs it was Aotake prior to the Feb. 5, 1936 revision and FS*6118 afterwards. I am confused as to the precise meaning of Katsushi's remarks of gray-green and Dark blue FS*5052 in connection to the Ki.4 cockpit interior colors. These non spec interior color citings may indicate variations from specs he is aware of. Or perhaps just portions of the cockpit interiors of the Ki.4 were some times gray-green or Dark blue FS*5052. Perhaps Katsushi can clarify this point.

As to your Sally interior question, Katsushi cites FS33070/Munsell 10Y4/1.5 for a machine of undesignated vintage. Maru Mechanic #29 Sally, of 7/1981, has several interior photos. Most if not all of these show a medium to dark tone on the interior surfaces. I can't tell if this dark tone is FS*6118, Aotake or what ever. In only one of them, the clear nose cap framing, either a natural metal or very light gray tone is seen on the framing's interior surface. The Japanese text photo captions mention Sally I and Sally II variants. Examples from both seem to be included in the interior photos given. I would speculate all Sallys were painted FS*6118 in crew occupied areas with Aotake in other unoccupied areas, per spec. The question remains, how rigidly were the specs followed? We know from Dana Bell's research such was not always the case for the US aircraft industry.

Ki-27 Interior Color?

Posted By: Tim Hortman <thortman@epix.net>

Date: Saturday, 22 January 2000, at 10:22 a.m.

I started to build the old Hasegawa Ki-27 'Nate' last night and have a question. What color is the cockpit? The directions say "dark blue" (I assume Aotake) but the Maru Mechanic shows it as almost black.

Any thoughts?

Re: Ki-27 Interior Color?

Posted By: Ken Glass <ken.glass@eudoramail.com>

Date: Saturday, 22 January 2000, at 11:13 a.m.

In Response To: Ki-27 Interior Color? (Tim Hortman)

Last year Katsushi Owaki posted a Nate interior color call out of ~ FS 6118, Munsell 5B2.5/1.

Nate Interior

Posted By: Jim Kaltenhauser <kaltenhauser@yahoo.com>

Date: Monday, 15 November 1999, at 8:16 p.m.

I'm currently working on a Ki-27 and was wondering if anyone would have an idea of what color the instrument panel would have been, and also any ideas as to the color inside the flaps?

Re: Nate Interior

Posted By: François P. WEILL <frpawe@wanadoo.fr>

Date: Tuesday, 16 November 1999, at 5:34 p.m.

In Response To: Nate Interior (Jim Kaltenhauser)

I can't answer for the flaps interior but I suspect Aotake.

But the general cockpit color is reported to have been a dark blue gray not to be seen again on Japanese Army aircraft later in Model Art Special on IJAAF Fighters...

As for the instrument panel I'll guess the same color or black.

Restored Nate in Japan

Posted By: Johan Myhrman <myhrman@gol.com>

Date: Friday, 19 February 1999, at 3:27 p.m.

I have updated my WEB page with a few pictures of a semi restored Nate on display in Japan. Click on the link bellow.

www2.gol.com/users/myhrman/nate.htm

What's under the canopy?

Posted By: Fred DeGroff <redfred1@aol.com>

Date: Monday, 17 December 2001, at 10:23 a.m.

I am working on a Ki-27. I can't find any information on what was under the A model canopy turtle deck. Was It painted same as the exterior? Or was it same as the interior? Also, the B model has more windows...is there an antenna under there, what was the canopy inside frame color? Some pics I have show the side view and nothing looking down into this area. Any info would be appreciated.

Re: What's under the canopy?

Posted By: Grant Goodale <grant.goodale@sympatico.ca>

Date: Monday, 17 December 2001, at 11:54 a.m.

In Response To: What's under the canopy? (Fred DeGroff)

After searching all the photos that I could access, I *think* the answers to your questions are:

Fuselage decking - flat gray black (Nakajima style)

I did not notice an under canopy antenna on my searches.

The interior canopy framing would *probably* be the same as the interior - PollyScale Weyerhauser Green from their Railroad Acrylics line.

Re: Nate Rudder In Color *PIC*

Posted By: James F. Lansdale <LRAJIM@aol.com>

Date: Sunday, 18 November 2001, at 7:37 p.m.

You wrote, "FYI-Champlin Fighter Museum In Mesa, AZ has (or did have) a Nate rudder on display."

See below two photos of this Ki-27 Nate rudder taken at Champlin FM. Three of these rudders are in existence from the No.77 Hiko Sentai and all three wre taken as trophies by members of the AVG! One is on display and two are held privately.

Photo credit: Roy Grinnell via LRA

Editors note: Picture at http://www.j-aircraft.com/jiml/nate_77fr_a.jpg

Nate survivor in Japan?

Posted By: Brian Wiedemann <blawe@prodigy.net>

Date: Saturday, 17 November 2001, at 10:16 p.m.

On the Hyperscale site, some one recently posted a photo of a near-complete Ki-27 survivor in Japan. I had no idea any Nates were left!

Does anyone have any info on this plane? Its origins, where it is today, how complete and authentic is it?

Nate in Japan. More photos.

Posted By: Elephtheriou George <arawasi_g@hotmail.com>

Date: Sunday, 18 November 2001, at 9:27 p.m.

In Response To: Nate survivor in Japan? (Brian Wiedemann)

Please take a look at this VERY interesting site that I don't know why but says that it hasn't been updated since 1999! Anyway, go to the "airplanes" section and you will find more photos of the Nate and the location of the museum.

Checked the place in the map and my wife says that it's FAR from Tokyo, where we live at the moment. BUT personally I'm dying to visit the place even if the Nate is not in a good condition. Unless you know a Nate in a better condition in another part of the world! So, maybe we will visit the place with Dr. Higuchi, hopefully this year. We'll see...

www2.gol.com/users/myhrman/